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Introduction [1] Early pregnancy diagnosis is a key factor in shortening the calving interval through identifying the non-pregnant animals to rebreed them at the earliest time after artificial insemination (AI). Bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are produced by mono- and binucleated trophoblastic cells of the pregnant cow’s placenta. Detection of PAG in the maternal circulation has been used to accurately diagnose pregnancy. Several studies have used commercial PAG tests to...
Topics: Abortion, Glycoprotein, Nano-kit, Pregnant cow
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Introduction [1] Myostatin, known as the growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. This gene is conserved across mammalian species and expressed in developing as well as mature skeletal muscles fiber cells. It has been demonstrated that a natural mutation in myostatin (MSTN) gene is effective in muscle tissue overgrowth in species such as cattle, sheep, pig and mouse. Later on, with administration of genome editing techniques on...
Topics: Muscle tissue, Sheep, Myostatin, Micro RNA
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Introduction [1] Native chickens are playing an important role in rural economy in most of the developing and underdeveloped countries. One of the sources that provides protein in developing countries, is native chicken. So, they should be taken in to consideration in poultry improvement programs. Mathematical functions called ‘growth functions’ have been used to relate body weight to age or cumulative feed intake. Growth models summarize information needed to understand the biological...
Topics: Body weight, Carcass characteristics, Growth function, Native chickens
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Introduction [1] Kermani sheep is one of the native dual purpose breeds that adapted with Kerman province’s climate conditions. Body weight traits for sheep meat producers are very important, therefore precise evaluation of genetic factors for these traits have always been concern of breeders. Regarding to importance of meat production in economic benefit of sheep farming, this research was done with goal of genetic parameters estimation for daily gain and Kleiber ratios in Kermani sheep....
Topics: Genetic evaluation, Genetic improvement, Growth traits, Heritability, Maternal effects
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Introduction [1] Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feed are posing serious health risks to human health. Because of their residual effects in poultry meat and eggs, and pathogens developing resistance to antibiotics. Currently, poultry scientists are challenged to find out alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters with no side effects for poultry that could be more or as effective against harmful microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and to stimulate the growth by increasing...
Topics: Blood Metabolites, Broiler, Microbial Population, Performance, Tanacetum balsamita
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Introduction [1] : The agro-industrial processing was resulted some wastes as vegetable and fruit by-products. The fruit byproducts use as energy sources in animal feed and using of these by-products are economically and environmentally sound way for food processors to reduce waste discharges and cut waste management cost. Selling by-products can also produce additional revenue. The poor state of economy in developing countries has made consumption of high protein foods out of reach of more...
Topics: Broilers, Enzyme, Immune level, Performance, Pulps mixture
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Introduction [1] Most dietary recommendations have advocated for limitation of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in food for the optimal management of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Many evidences exist on the effects of saturated FA consumption on vascular function, insulin resistance, diabetes, stroke and cancer. Therefore, improvement of saturated fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during meat production is required. Nutritionists have focused on the change of type of FA...
Topics: Carcass fatty acid profile, Finishing lamb, Oak leaf extract, Tannins
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Introduction [1] Nutrient requirements of goats have not been studied as extensively as those of beef and dairy cattle and sheep. Furthermore, Sistani goats have received less research attention than meat or dairy goats. Goats play an important role in Iran, largely as a source of red meat and milk. Iran has 25 million goats and kids. Results of research on ruminants showed that nutrients can affect prenatal growth if the lack of nutrition during gestation ( in utero nutrition ) will affect the...
Topics: Energy, protein, pregnancy, microbial crude protein, performance
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Introduction [1] The alimentary tract microbial community, is effective on energy efficiency in the host, including energy intake, transport, conversion, and storage. The term “probiotics” has been amended by the FAO/WHO to “Live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, cause a health benefit on the host”. Animal nutritionists always try to maximize production efficiency of dairy cattle. Using various additives in animal ration is a common and popular approach to...
Topics: Blood Urea Nitrogen, Energy Balance, Fiber Digestion, Probiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Introduction [1] Nowadays, many attempts were made to improve the supply of nutrients to calves and the importance of quality and quantity of calf nutrition, in order to stimulate the adequate consumption of feed for rumen development and achieve to suitable weaning weight at the optimal time and reduce feeding costs has been considered. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of levels of starter protein and milk fed on feed intake, digestibility, weight...
Topics: Starter protein levels, Performance, Ruminal parameters, Holstein calves, Passage rate
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Introduction In ruminant animals, the microbial population of the digestive tract can be controlled by several factors such as growth promoters, probiotics, periobacters, enzymes, essential oils, oligosaccharides and plant additives. Before weaning, dairy calves are susceptible to many pathogens and nutritional problems. For several years antibiotics have been used to overcome these problems also to obtain economic benefits in terms of improved calves performance and reduced medication costs....
Topics: Additive supplement, Calves, Immunoglobulins, Microbial population, Rminants
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Introduction Litter size is an important economic trait in sheep breeding which is influenced by genetics and environment factors. Application of phenotypic data in traditional breeding programs is a time consuming process. Thus, marker assisted selection (MAS) play an important role for genetic improvement of reproduction efficiency. Since, there has been great interest in the identification of major genes that influence fecundity traits in sheep. Three of these fecundities identified genes...
Topics: BMP15 Gene, Fecundity, Polymorphism, Sheep
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Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that are found in plants, animals and some viruses and play important role in regulation of transcription (3). Recently, importance of miRNA roles in biology of living organisms has been discovered, thus miRNAs identification became more important (1). Experimental detection of miRNAs can be obtained using different miRNA profiling methods, such as quantitative real-time PCR, microarray, and high-throughput RNA sequencing...
Topics: Ab initio, Bioinformatics, miRNA, Sheep
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Introduction [1] Due to having historical value and climatic diverse, Iran has unique horse breeds. Unfortunately, due to the lack of attention and control of the import of foreign breeds into this rich genetic source, huge damage has been created. Therefore, many horse breeds in the country got crossbred and their racial purity reduced. Knowing the genetic structure of native breeds will play an important role in their safeguarding and ensuring of their survival. Indigenous breeds, due to...
Topics: Genetic diversity, Microsatellite markers, phylogeny tree, Taleshi, Caspian and Arabian horse
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Introduction [1] Moghani sheep breed with 2.5 million numbers is one the most important meat breeds among fatty tail sheep. The main center for keeping this breed is Moghan plain, but there is in the regions like Meshkin Shahr, Sarab, Ardabil and the other provinces. Inbreeding also impairs growth, production, health, reproduction and survival of inbred animals. A complete pedigree is also necessary for an accurate evaluation of inbreeding and other important population parameters. This...
Topics: Equivalent complete generation, Growth traits, Inbreeding, Mating, Moghani sheep
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Introduction [1] In recent years, the advances made in the field of genetics, food, breeding, and marketing in the poultry industry have led to the use of modern methods and devices to achieve the highest production with the lowest cost in the industry. So today, food additives are used in the poultry industry to achieve high production with the lowest cost. Medicinal plants contain substances called active ingredient or active ingredients are made and stored and have physiological effects are...
Topics: antibiotics, intestinal morphology, microbial population, red pepper
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Introduction Urea is a small organic compound that is very rich in N (44.96% N) and is used to supply degradable intake protein (DIP) for ruminants. Urea is broken down to ammonia in the rumen under the action of urease bacteria. Using urea over other sources of DIP is cheaper according to per N basis than any other feedstuffs. However, urea is used rather inefficiently by ruminants compared with other sources that contain true protein, and this is due to the fact that the rate of urea...
Topics: Coated urea, Non-protein nitrogen, Optigen, urea
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Introduction [1] Probiotic supplements improve livestock growth, increase in intake of feed, improve digestion and absorption of nutrients and health conditions. Feeding butyrate in combination with milk and starter prior to weaning of calves may enhance rumen development, body weight, health status and growth performance. The butyrate supplement used in this study is monoglyceride butyrate and during digestion of ruminal fat, first glycerol is separated from the glyceride composition, and then...
Topics: Blood parameters, Butyrate, Holstein calves, Probiotic
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Introduction [1] The role of trace minerals in animal production is an area of strong interest for producers, feed manufactures, veterinarians and scientists. Zn (Zn) is one of the most important elements that has been recognized as an essential catalytic factor for more than 300 enzymes enzyme. Zinc also has an essential role in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The National Research Council (1985 and 2007) recommended about 30 mg/kg zinc for ewes and growing...
Topics: Lamb, Zinc glycinate, Zinc methionine, Zinc proteinate, Zinc sulfate
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Introduction [1] The extracted oil from linen contains about 50% linolenic acid from the family of omega-3 fatty acids. Among edible sources, fish oil and linseed oil are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are a key factor in the normal growth and reproduction of animal, were not considered an important issue for animal nutrition. Essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, and in recent years the demand for foods...
Topics: Blood parameters, Carcass characteristics, Linolenic acid, Linseed oil
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Introduction Among domesticated animals, the horse can be considered as one of the most influential animals in the process of human life modernization. Based on archaeological evidence, the presence of horses in Iran goes back to 3000 BC. Today, over 300 horses are recognized worldwide and a great number that is indigenous to Iran. The statistics provided by FAOSTAT indicate that there are about 140,000 horses. Due to climate diversity in Iran, there are various horse breeds in different parts...
Topics: Genetic diversity, Haplotype, Iranian horses, Paternal line, Y chromosome
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Introduction In genomic selection, genetic values of individuals are predicted using genetic markers that are distributed all across the genome and are in linkage disequilibrium with quantitative trait locus. Different methods have been introduced to predict genomic breeding values. These methods take into account different assumptions. Non-parametric methods, including artificial neural networks, have fewer assumptions than parametric methods, and can apply nonlinear relationships in genomic...
Topics: Efficiency comparison, Genomic evaluation, neural networks, parametric methods
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Introduction [1] Chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region are important in immune responses, resistance to diseases, and relationships with evolution processes. The chicken major histocompatibility complex is composed of two gene regions: the B and Y (Rfp-Y) loci, both located on micro chromosome 16. The B locus includes three gene classes, I (B-F), II (B-L) and IV (B-G). The chicken major histocompatibility complex, consists of several clusters of highly polymorphic genes, some of...
Topics: Indigenous chicken, MHC, PCR-RFLP, Polymorphism
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Introduction: Excess excretion of nitrogen (N) caused by inaccurate animal feeding might increase the environmental concerns in terms of soil and water pollutions. Nitrogen is one of the most expensive elements in animal nutrition and either under-feeding or over-feeding of this element may be associated with financial losses through the suppressed performance or expensive diets. Determination of nutrient availability could warrant accurate feed formulation to meet animal requirements....
Topics: Amino acid, Apparent digestibility, Japanese quail, Standardized digestibility
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Introduction In commercial production, there is often concern about the quantity and/or quality of feathering in both broilers and layers. For broilers, the concern is adequacy of protective feather cover, while in layers usually the necessary degree of feathering needed to optimize feed efficiency. Feather development is under the control of hormones such as thyroxine and estrogen and indirectly by testosterone. Therefore, environmental or nutritional status affecting the hormonal output of...
Topics: Broiler, Feathering, Feathering Score, Trace minerals
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Introduction Nowadays commercial broiler strains need more oxygen for the faster growth and higher meat production and are susceptible to ascites syndrome due to higher growth rate. Ascites is a metabolic disorder that causes the increased free radical production, decreased level of body antioxidant capacity and hence meat muscles destruction, pale color and lower quality. It damages the gut morphology and reduces the absorption of amino acids and minerals and as a result leg problems. Lysine...
Topics: Ascites, Betaine, Bone, Lysine, Meat color
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Introduction Sheep production in arid and semi-arid parts of Iran undergoes feed shortage due to poor natural vegetation. Trace minerals, as metabolic modifiers, are essential in ruminants’ diets because of their contribution in biochemical processes required for normal growth and development. Zinc (Zn) is one of the most deficient minerals in soils of many parts of the world including Iran. Zinc is known to affect growth, reproduction and immune system of the animals. Although administration...
Topics: Kermani lamb, Minerals, Superoxide dismutase, Zinc supplement
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Introduction Generally, most feeds used in livestock nutrition are deficient in some nutrients, and require nutritional supplements. Among the supplements, micro and macro minerals are particular importance. Selenium (Se) plays an important role in the reproductive function and immune system and is known as an antioxidant and catalyst for the production of thyroid hormone. It is believed that low selenium absorption in ruminants is due to the deficiency of selenium in ration and its conversion...
Topics: Gas production, Nano, Selenium, Sheep, Rumen fermentation parameters
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Introduction The use of agricultural products that are often less costly has long been considered by researchers, and due to some problems with the direct use of these products in animal nutrition, their processing seems to be necessary in a variety of ways. In the meantime, by-products derived from cereals, such as wheat bran and rice bran, are especially important due to their high production and low prices. Rice bran can be one of the world's largest cereal processing by-products....
Topics: Blood parameters, Dairy cow, Milk fatty acids, Performance, Rice bran
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Introduction One of the limitations of conventional urea usage in ruminant diet is rapid hydrolysis and increase in ruminal ammonia concentration and its lack of synchrony with carbohydrate degradation and microbial growth in the rumen. An alternative strategy is continuous supply of nitrogen using slow release urea (SRU) and gradual release of ammonia in the rumen. Sugar-containing liquid feeds can increase the energy density of the diet, stimulate dry matter intake (DMI), and serve as...
Topics: Digestibility, Fattening Performance, Molasses, Rumen Fermentation, Slow Release Urea
Introduction [1] : Paratuberculosis, or Johne’s disease, is a chronic, granulomatous, gastrointestinal tract disease of goat and other ruminants caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The clinical signs of disease in goat are pipestream diarrhea, weight loss, and edema due to hypoproteinemia caused by protein-losing enteropathy. Knowledge concerning genetics of susceptibility to MAP infection can contribute to disease control programs by facilitating genetic...
Topics: Immune system, Johne’s disease, Theta statistic, Signal selection
Introduction [1] : The quality and quantity of dietary protein are primary factor influencing growth and feed costs. Seeds of faba bean ( Vicia faba L ), similarly as soybean meal, belong to high-protein feeds. The use of faba beans in poultry feed is limited despite having a suitable chemical composition, the main reason of which is the presence of anti-nutritional factors in this seed. Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center has produced a zero-tannin faba...
Topics: Replacing soybean meal, Broiler chicken, Performance, Zero-tannin faba bean
Introduction [1] : The Ferula badrakema from the Apiaceae family is a resinous plant with a strong smell that is native to Iran (Rechinger et al., 1994). The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties of Ferula badrakema are believed to be due to its high content of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Similar to other Ferula species, this plant is a rich source of sesquiterpene coumarins (Bukreeva and Pimenov, 1991). To the best of our knowledge, no study has been done on the volatile compounds of...
Topics: blood metabolites, broiler, Ferula badrakema, immune system, performance, sodium saccharin
Introduction [1] : In the past, vitamins were considered as unknown growth factors, but during the twentieth century, their structure and nature were gradually discovered. These compounds are necessary to maintain the integrity of the tissues and general health of the body. Broiler chickens are unable to synthesize vitamins (except vitamin C) or have the ability to make limited amounts of them (group B and K2). For this reason, vitamins should be added to broiler feed as a supplement. Vitamins...
Topics: Broiler, Immune response, Performance, Vitamin supplementation
Introduction [1] : The egg production curve is defined graphically as the relationship between the number of eggs and laying time, which indicates the biological efficiency of a hen and can be effective in the selection and nutritional management of laying hens. Egg production is an essential section of the poultry industry. Appropriate mathematical models accurately represent the production phases of the hen and provide a valuable tool for biological comparisons and interpretations. Also, egg...
Topics: Cumulative egg production, Inflection point, Lopez model, Modelling, Native hen
Introduction [1] : In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition...
Topics: Blood parameters, Egg quality traits, Laying hen, Monosodium glutamate, Performance
Introduction [1] : Early post-hatch feed and water deprivation, as happens practically, may negatively influence the growth performance and health of broiler chickens due to severe dehydration, suppressed mitotic activity of satellite cells, poorer gut health, and development as well as retarded yolk sac (YS) absorption. Decelerated YS absorption may be associated with a higher incidence of YS infection and lower transfer of maternal antibodies from the YS to the chick body. Royal Chick is a...
Topics: carcass characteristics, early feeding, immunity system function, performance
Introduction [1] : In the broiler breeding industry, chickens are often reared in confinement at high stocking densities, which can make them susceptible to infectious diseases. Antibiotics, growth promoters, and anti-coccidial drugs are frequently used as feed additives to elevate growth rates, combat diseases, and lower losses. However frequent use of antibiotics in broiler diets may result in a rise in the antimicrobial resistance of both human and animal bacteria. Alternatives to...
Topics: Broiler, Glutathione peroxidase enzyme, Meat oxidative stability, Stocking density, Weight gain
Introduction [1] : Lack of animal feed, especially with development of industrial methods of animal husbandry waste in many parts of the world, has led farmers and researchers to try identifying and using agricultural and livestock waste and new food sources for animal nutrition, including poultry manure and urea is mentioned in the diet of ruminants. Due to the fact that no research has been done on the effect of barley grain processing methods and non-protein nitrogen sources in the diet on...
Topics: Gas production, Microbial protein synthesis, Non-protein nitrogen, Rumen degradability
Introduction [1] : Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and...
Topics: Performance, Holstein dairy calf, Saturated fatty acid, Unsaturated fatty acid
Introduction: Pomegranate has many secondary metabolites such as tannins and phenolic compounds, which have various properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune system stimulating effects. The amount of tannin in pomegranate skin has been reported up to 20.6%. The limiting effects of tannins can be related to reducing the use of nutrients, especially protein, reducing growth and performance, reducing palatability and feed consumption, and reducing the activity of...
Topics: Ammonia nitrogen, Chemical composition, Digestibility, Gas production, Protozoa population,...
Introduction [1] : Mastitis refers to inflammation of the mammary gland and is a common and costly bacterial disease in the dairy industry that causes direct economic losses (reduced milk production, early culling of cattle from the herd and high costs of treatment) and indirect (reducing the quality of milk production). The disease is divided into two types of acute and subclinical, which the clinical type is associated with clear clinical symptoms. Infection can have different origins and can...
Topics: Logistic Model, Microbial Culture, Pathogen-Specific Mastitis, Variance Components
Introduction [1] : The Kermani sheep breed is one of the most important native breeds in Iran. It is well adapted to the harsh and undesirable environmental conditions of the southeastern part of the country. Therefore, consideration to the breeding of Kermani sheep and the improvement of the environmental and genetic conditions of this breed can contributed greatly to providing a part of the livelihood needs of the people. The longevity in the ewe is a high economic trait, because increasing...
Topics: Cause of culling, Economic life length, Kermani ewe
Introduction: Horses ( Equus ferus caballus ) have always been alongside humans and played an important role in the formation of human civilization. Horses are vertebrates that belong to the Mammalia class, the Equidae family, and the Equus genus. There are free and wild horses in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America, and some oceanic islands. Because of the long-standing relationship with human civilization, horses are considered as companions, a symbol of power and...
Topics: Arab horse, genetic diversity, multiplex PCR, STR
Introduction [1] : Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feed are posing serious health risks to human health. Because of their residual effects in poultry meat and eggs, as well as result pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics. Currently, poultry scientists are challenged to find out alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters with no side effects for poultry that could be more or as effective against harmful microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and to stimulate the growth by...
Topics: Broiler Chicken, Essential Oil, Escherichia coli, Growth Performance, Salmonella typhimurium
Introduction [1] : Cereals are the major part of a poultry diet and primary sources of feed energy Because of the worldwide high cost of corn, the use of barley and wheat grain in broiler diets has become more appealing. However, the use of barley in poultry diets because of its high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) is limited. NSP increased intestinal viscosity, reduced litter quality and poor productive performance. Most of the adverse effects of barley in poultry feed have been...
Topics: Barley grain, Chemical composition, Electron beam, Metabolizable energy
Introduction [1] : Negative energy balance in pregnant ewes during last of gestation could result in fatal pregnancy toxemia and affects ewe and lamb health. Fat supplementation of the diet is an efficient mean to increase energy concentration of diet and modify body weight, body condition score, milk yield , fat content and fatty acid composition in lactating ruminants. Addition of fats to ruminant diets provides preformed fatty acids (FA) which are directly available for milk fat synthesis...
Topics: Fish oil, Linoleic acid, Palm oil, Periparturient period, Late gestation, Ewe
Introduction [1] : Buffering and alkalizing supplements have been used in dairy cows in order to increase production and prevention of ruminal acidosis for many years. Magnesium carbonate is typically obtained from magnesite mines and magnesium oxide is produced by the calcification of magnesium carbonate (reduction, oxidation and burning or heating with extreme heat). Some minerals such as bentonite and zeolite have buffering properties and a special role in the buffering capacity of rumen...
Topics: Buffering capacity, Digestibility, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Sodium bentonite
Introduction [1] :Carbohydrates are generally classified as either non-structural or structural carbohydrates. Structural carbohydrates include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) are present inside the plant cells and are usually more digestible than carbohydrates found in plant cell walls. Dietary non-fiber carbohydrates are the main source of energy for high-producing dairy cows, which provide 30 to 45 percent of the dry matter intake. They are a very...
Topics: Degradable protein, Gas production, Non-fiber carbohydrates, Digestibility
Introduction: [1] This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of roasting and extruding heat processes on chemical composition, nitrogenous fractions, urease activity, metabolic protein, properties of degradability, and the ruminal- intestinal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of raw and processed soybeans. Materials and method: This study was carried out at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. During the extrusion process, soybeans were...
Topics: Degradability, Extruding, Roasting, Metabolizable protein, Whole soybeans
Introduction [1] : Lactoferrin is secreted in the apo-form from epithelial cells in most exocrine fluids, such as saliva, bile, pancreatic and gastric fluids, tears and, particularly, in milk. Lactoferrin is the most dominant protein in milk after casein. This protein plays a crucial role in many biological processes including the regulation of iron metabolism, induction and modulation of the immune system, the primary defense against microorganisms, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and presenting...
Topics: Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway, Molecular Docking Simulation
Introduction [1] : Vitamin D 3 is one of the important vitamins in calcium metabolism, which increases the active transport of calcium and phosphorus in the intestinal epithelium. However, the mechanism by which vitamin D 3 increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus is not fully understood. The active form of vitamin D 3 or 1,25-hydroxycalciferol is transported to the nucleus of the intestinal cells. In the presence of 1, 25-hydroxycalciferol, a specific RNA is secreted from the cell...
Topics: Calciferol, Calcium, Eggs, Hatching, Egg shell quality
Introduction [1] : Sunflower meal is considered as an attractive alternative to soybean meal due to its adaptation to dry and temperate climates as well as its lower anti-nutrient content than other oilseeds. Sunflower meal has a limiter that restricts its use in broiler diets. The fiber in sunflower meal has limited its use in the diet of broilers due to reduced metabolic energy as well as production. Fermentation, which uses beneficial microorganisms, can reduce the chemical composition of...
Topics: Aspergillus Oryzae, Feed conversion ratio, Weight Gain, Penicillium Funiculosum, Total amino acid
Introduction [1] : Feed additives are commonly used in poultry feed to enhance performance, promote health, and increase nutrient efficiency. The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feed has been prevalent for years. However, due to concerns regarding the accumulation of antibiotic residues in poultry products and the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, antibiotics are no longer considered desirable additives in poultry feed. As a non-therapeutic alternative to...
Topics: Avilamycin, Lacto-feed probiotic, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Guilan’ native...
Introduction [1] : In order to maximize poultry production, it is important to have knowledge of the bird's requirements. This can help to increase their production capacity. Since feed is a major expense in poultry production, it is crucial to consider the main components of the feed. Energy and protein are vital nutrients for poultry. Energy is necessary for body function, while protein is an essential constituent of all tissues in the bird's body. Proteins have a significant impact on the...
Topics: Daily weight gain, Khazak chick, Protein efficiency ratio, Feed conversion ratio
Introduction [1] : Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants at the cellular level which leads to the condition of infertility in male. Oxidation of cell macromolecules, cell death by necrosis, apoptosis and damage of tissue structure are the results of another oxidative stress damage. This process eventually leads to a variety of diseases, reduced growth performance and even death (Min et al. 2018). Poultry face a variety of environmental, technological,...
Topics: Broiler breeder rooster, Oxidative stress, Sperm quality, Vitamin E
Introduction [1] : During the past decades, rapeseed production, including canola varieties, has surpassed peanut, sunflower, and even cottonseed in production, and ranks second among oilseed crops worldwide. Due to its drought endurance, canola may be the preferable grain for cultivation in several locations of Iran. Canola seed (CS) is an economic feed ingredient containing well-balanced protein (19 to 22%) and a high oil content, up to 45% in some cases. Apart from the oil content of CS, its...
Topics: Apparent metabolizable energy, Canola seed, Heat processing, Broiler chickens
Introduction: [1] Selenium is an essential mineral for many metabolic functions of the body, including the activation of enzymes and the optimal biochemical and physiological function of birds ( Antongiovanni et al ., 2007 ). Selenium protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and can therefore improve nutrient efficiency ( Arner et al., 2012 ). The small intestine is the most important part in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, while the large intestine and intestinal tract are very...
Topics: Intestinal morphology, Laying hens, Microbial population
Introduction [1] : The fodder used in animal feed is in the form of silage, crushed and pellets. If used a a pelleted form, the animal will spend less time for eating so the activity and the maintenance requirements will be decrease. Part of the improvement in pellet diet is due to less energy consumption during feeding. In other words, the use of pellet rations reduces the energy consumed by the animal for eating and also increases the availability of vital nutrients and energy ( Fluharty et...
Topics: Cellulolytic enzymes activity, Nitrogen balance, Pelleted alfalfa, Flaked barley grain
Introduction [1] : One of the valuable unconventional foods is whey powder, which is a by-product of cheese production. Whey powder is used as an important source of energy and protein in animal nutrition. By reviewing the composition of whey powder based on dry matter and comparing it with the needs of livestock, its nutritional value can be understood. Whey powder as a feedstuff also has properties of a prebiotic; it contains a significant amount of lactose that is not absorbed to a large...
Topics: Dairy by-products, Protozoa Ruminants, Rumen villi, Volatile fatty acids
Introduction [1] : One of the most important factors in the profitability of dairy farms is effective management methods in keeping and feeding infant calves. Several factors such as underdeveloped immune system and environmental stress can increase the survival power of the animal. Researchers suggest different factors can to improve the immune system of neonatal calves, including the use of fat-soluble vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids. While these vitamins play a major role in the immune...
Topics: Blood parameters, Fat-soluble vitamins, Flaxseed oil, Holstein calves, Immune system
Introduction:Body size is one of the main features for the classification of horses. Among these features, the length of the body is one of the aspects that considered essential for animal's nutrition and height at withers applies for intra-species separating. Genome Wide Association Studies have demonstrated LCORL gene code a transcription factor that those polymorphisms are associated with skeletal frame size and body length. Recently, BIEC2-808543 SNP located upstream of LCORL was identified...
Topics: Arab horse, BIEC2_808543 SNP, Body size, LCORL
Introduction: The development of genotyping technologies has facilitated the genetic progress of breeding programs by implementing genomic selection (GS). In fact, the accuracy of genomic evaluations has been enhanced via GS and quickly spread in livestock breeding. For several decades, most phenotypic variation in dairy cattle populations had focused on continuous traits especially milk yield. From an animal breeding perspective, pay attention to this category of traits because of negative...
Topics: Cross validation, Heritability, Linkage disequlibrium, Machine learning, Threshold traits
Introduction [1] : The central melanocortin system appears to be an important mediator of the actions of both leptin and insulin, which are key elements in the control of energy balance. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a complex precursor protein that is proteolytically cleaved to a variety of biologically active and important neuroendocrine peptides. The POMC gene is expressed mainly in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary and in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and at...
Topics: Broiler chicks, Growth traits, PCR-SSCP, Polymorphism, Pro-Opiomelanocortin gene
Introduction: Stress increases the need for antioxidants, decreases eggs production and weakens immune system of laying hens. Since there is insufficient knowledge about overcoming natural stress conditions with minimal cost and side effects in old laying hens, the medicinal herb contained flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds are concerned. Apart from estrogenic, antibacterial effects and cholesterol reduction property that will result to lower cholesterol deposition in poultry products and...
Topics: Antibody titer, Malondialdehyde, Molting, Sour tea
Introduction [1] : Nowadays, there is an increasing interest to use organic compounds in broiler chicken diets instead of antibiotics and other feed additives may cause deleterious effects on the poultry products consumers. Using medicinal plants have different effects on broiler life such as improving feed efficiency, augmentation of immunity, producing more desirable carcass and so on. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of adding coneflower and thyme alcoholic extracts to...
Topics: Blood’s lipids, Broiler chicken, Immunity, Medicinal plants, Performance
Introduction [1] : Cereals are the main sources of calorie in poultry diets and corn is the most common cereal in poultry feed formulations; however, in some countries such as Iran, corn is mainly imported from other countries. In addition to import-associated problems, high volatility of corn price has recently resulted in a marked tendency between Iranian poultry producers to use other alternative grains in their formulations. Among the other cereals, wheat, rye, and barley are the most...
Topics: Barley, Broiler, Metabolizable energy, Regression predictive equations
Introduction: Medicinal plants play an important role in maintaining the health and performance of the poultry during stress. One of the most important medicinal plants is artichoke. Artichoke, the scientific name of Cynara scolymus and the Latin name Artichoks , is an herb of the chicory family of the oldest medicinal plants. The extract of this plant improves arthrosclerosis and liver damages. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Artichoke medicinal herb on growth...
Topics: Artichokes, Bacterial populations, Broiler chicken, Cold stress, Liver enzymes
Introduction [1] : Cereal gains are important source of energy in livestock diet due to high amount of starch they store in their endosperm, but there is a paradox in grains nutrition in ruminants. Without processing, most of grains, specially corn and sorghum, starch will not be effectively digested , but most of processing methods can increase starch degradability in rumen and therefore increase acidosis risk. The dynamic of starch fermentation in rumen is an important indicator of...
Topics: Corn grain, Microwave, Processing, Ruminal degradability, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Introduction: [1] The nutrient synchrony is synchronization of ruminal fermentation rate of energy and nitrogen which is a method to increasing microbial protein synthesis, improving nitrogen efficiency, decreasing urinary nitrogen excretion and improving animal performance. Microbial protein production is important for ruminants. Current concepts of ruminant nutrition focus on optimizing ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Microbial yield in rumen depends largely on the supply of...
Topics: Blood urea nitrogen, Microbial protein, Nitrogen retained, Ruminal fermentation, Synchrony index
Introduction [1] : Endemic plants of rangelands, especially key species and palatable ones are inevitable for improvement and development of rangelands. The grazing is a critical managing factor regarding to the resources conservation and quantitative and qualitative increase of plants production at the rangeland ecosystems. Rangelands are dynamic ecosystems and changing as a result of the environmental disturbances. Sustainable utilization of rangelands is obtained when the changes become...
Topics: Astragalus Podolobus, Gas Production, Halophyte Plants, Nutritive Value
Introduction [1] Oocyte maturity includes nuclear and cytoplasmic maturity, both of which are important for embryo fertilization. Cytoplasmic maturation involves the redistribution of a range of organelles, including mitochondria. The nuclear and cytoplasmic mammalian oocytes maturation is a complex process nuclear maturation is demonstrated by extrusion of first polar body while there may be no indication for cytoplasmic maturation According to critical role of mitochondria for energy...
Topics: FSH, Microarray Data, Mitochondrial Genes, Oocyte Evolution
Introduction Genomic Selection (GS) has been proved to be a powerful tool for estimating genetic values in livestock breeding. Newly developed sequencing technologies have dramatically reduced the cost of genotyping and significantly increased the scale of genotype data that used for GS. The estimation of breeding values in order to select the best animals as parents of the next generation is the main goal of animal breeding programs. Traditional methods of genetic evaluation were performed...
Topics: BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, Bayesian LASSO, Genomic BLUP
Introduction [1] In most mammals, each hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair and controls the hair growth cycle. The hair follicle is central to most economically important fiber growth in livestock. Previous studies have shown that changes in the level of genes expression play a role in the development and growth of hair follicles. With the advent of high throughput, next-generation sequencing technology measuring the level of expression of thousands of genes was...
Topics: Cashmere goat, Differential expression, Regulatory network, Transcriptome analysis
Introduction [1] The Makooei sheep is a medium-sized, fat-tailed breed, carpet wool and white color breed. This breed dispreads mainly in the north west of the Iran in West Azerbaijan province. This sheep breed is called White Karaman in Turkey. Growth curve is the graph of weight as a function of age on time. The changes taking place in animal's body weight with the passage of time that is often sigmoid in shape. Further, information on the growth pattern helps determine feeding and management...
Topics: Body weight, Growth curve, Makooei sheep, Non-linear models
Introduction [1] Development of poultry production causes increasing demand for feed ingredients and also ways of manipulating poultry diets in order to increase feed conversion ratios for maximum production. In this regard, use of feed additives and growth promoters has been increased. Antibiotic growth promoters have been successfully used at sub therapeutic doses in poultry production to promote growth and protect health of the birds. The use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been...
Topics: Biochemical factors, Cholesterol, Japanese quail, Microbial count
Introduction [1] Increasing feed costs are significant issues in the poultry industry. Therefore, poultry producers often interested to feed low energy and nutrient dense diets to reduce production cost, while low energy and nutrients dense diets may not appear to supply sufficient energy for laying hens. Hens can regulate their feed intake to maintain energy and nutrient intake in accordance with their requirements. In this way, hens will consume more of a low energy and nutrients dense diet...
Topics: Egg quality, Energy and nutrient density, Laying hen, Performance
Introduction [1] Minerals are an essential component of all biochemical reactions of the animal's body and microorganisms . The difference between specific anions and cations has a greater contribution to the physiological performance of the livestock than their individual effects. In the last decade, several studies have conducted on the use of diet minerals and their interaction on increasing dry matter intake. Recent studies have shown that high-yielding cows in early lactation respond well...
Topics: Anion-cation balance, cationic sources, rumen fermentation, gas production, degradability
Introduction Animal husbandry is one of the most important agriculture sectors, and with increasing population; demand for animal products has been increased. Currently, due to shortage of water and feed resources as well as increased compete for production of food between human and animals, cost of animal feeds has been enhanced considerably. The global price of feed ingredients such as corn, wheat, fish meal and soybean meal has increased by 160, 118, 186 and 108%, respectively in the...
Topics: Carrot tops, Digestibility, Fermentation, Gas production, Nutritive value
Introduction [1] Pulses are important crops belonging to the Leguminosae family. Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) production has a long history of numerous and valuable uses in feed and food. Faba beans have been successfully used as a substitute for soybean meal or rapeseed meal in dairy cow rations. Faba bean pods can be used as feed for ruminants. Good quality silage can be made from faba bean plants. Technological treatments may have an impact on the degradability of nitrogen of faba bean....
Topics: Chemical composition, Digestibility, Faba bean, Gas production, Nutritional value
Introduction According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Iran is the largest pistachio ( Pistachio vera ) producer in the world. Nevertheless, pistachio byproducts (PBs) contain a high level of phenolic compounds and tannins, which can affect their utilization by animals. Tannins (hydrolysable and condensed tannin) are polyphenolic polymers of relatively high molecular weight with the capacity to form complexes mainly with proteins due to the presence of a large number of phenolic...
Topics: Apparent digestibility, Tannin, Rumen fermentation, Ruminants
Introduction: City of Torbat Heydarieh in the northeast of Iran is one of the most important region in rearing silkworm in country. In Iran, two types of silkworm are used for rearing, mostly hybrids produced in center of Iran silkworm research, also in some regions some of imported hybrids using for rearing. Understanding the resistance and sensitivity of these hybrids is essential for choosing the best hybrid in each region and for understanding their genetic capabilities to apply future...
Topics: Cocoon, Hybrid, Larvae, Performance, Sericulture, Silkworm
Introduction [1] : Essential amino acids comprise 10 to 13% of the poultry diet. Methionine is the first limiting amino acid that plays important roles in protein metabolism and immune functions in chickens. Previous studies have shown that the appropriate level of methionine in the diet increases the growth and it is essential for enhancing the immune response. Methionine is also requirement to increase the function of the T cells produced from the thymus. Methionine has beneficial effects on...
Topics: Broiler chickens, Gene expression, Immune system, IFNγ gene
Introduction [1] : High blood pressure is a dangerous risk factor for cardio-vascular disease, including coronary artery disease and strokes. In the human body, a system called renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure, in which the angiotensin converting enzyme ACE plays an important role in increasing blood pressure . Angiotensin I as a converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, and also inactivates the antihypertensive...
Topics: alpha s1 casein Protein angiotensin, converting enzyme ACE, molecular interactions
Introduction: The lack of sufficient information in the pedigree of the animals prevents the correct estimation of the breeding values. Henderson proposed a genetic grouping for a more realistic estimation of breeding values for phenotypic records in different years. For these groups, the birth year, the year that the first daughter of the male had recorded , or the year that the male animal was used for insemination were used for grouping. In fact, this grouping was considered for calculating...
Topics: Genetic grouping, Genetic trend, Holstein, Spearman correlation
Introduction Animal production is not only restricted to food products but some therapeutics such as bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) (15). The RNase A is known as a powerful enzyme in ribonuclease family that is used in biotechnology industry (1). It has a potential to be used as an immunotoxin although there are two main reasons that RNase A is not suitable for immunotoxin engineering. The lack of ability to evade ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) and very weak cell penetration, which are...
Topics: Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, Molecular Dynamic Simulation, Ranpirnase, Ribonuclease Inhibitor
Introduction [1] : Selenium is an essential trace element, which plays a key role in the development of reproductive performance and animal safety. This mineral is an important part of at least 25 effective proteins in a variety of physiological functions, including increased resistance to oxidative stress, DNA repair, and improvement to reproductive performance and immune function. Despite the fact that selenium requirement of birds can be met by corn-soybean meal diet, dietary sodium selenite...
Topics: Blood metabolites, egg quality, Japanese quail, sel-plex, sodium selenite
Introduction [1] : Selenium is an essential trace element that is indispensable for normal functioning of the body and thus plays a critical role in the maintenance of optimal health. It is known to have important role in a number of biological functions, such as antioxidant defense, immune function, reproduction and thyroid hormone metabolism . Eggs and meat are considered to be good sources of Se in human diet. Egg Se content can easily be manipulated to give increased levels, when organic...
Topics: Antioxidant status, Blood Parameters, Egg Oxidative stability, Laying Hens, Selenium Nanoparticles
Introduction [1] : Calf breeding has been one of the most important and sensitive management programs in cattle farms . Therefore, using the right nutrition strategies for their improved growth and health is very important. For this reason, antibiotics have long been used in many countries to increase the growth of livestock due to their inhibitory effect on harmful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In the last decades antibiotics were used for stimulating growth and increasing viability...
Topics: Calf, Holstein, Nutrition, Organic acid, Probiotic
Introduction [1] : In growing ruminants or early lactation dairy cows, production may be limited by a dietary metabolizable protein. In these conditions microbial protein synthesis is not sufficient to meet the animal’s protein requirement. Canola meal (CM), which is an available and good source of protein in ruminant nutrition, especially in Iran. However the protein of CM is highly degradable by rumen microorganisms and on the other hand, anti-nutritional factors, such as phytic acid and...
Topics: Anti-nutritional factors, Canola Meal, Degradability, Irradiation
Introduction : When aflatoxin contaminated food is given to lactating animals, the metabolite of aflatoxin, called M, is secreted in milk. Since pasteurization, sterilization, and milk processing have little effect on the survival and reduction of AFM1 toxicity, this poison ultimately transports to various dairy products and endangers consumer health. Along with the negative effects of mycotoxins on health and livestock products, these compounds can to be effective in digestion, metabolism and...
Topics: Adsorption aluminosilicate, Aflatoxin, in vitro, Ruminal fermentation
Introduction: The metabolizable energy represents a part of the gross energy of the feed, which after the deduction of the amount of feces and urine energy and the gases. One of the laboratory methods for determining the metabolizable energy of feedstuff is the gas method. This method is based on the measurement of the amount of released gas at the specified time. The estimated energy obtained from this method has a very high correlation with the amount of energy derived from the live animal...
Topics: ADF, estimation of Metabolizable energy, forage sorghum, gas testing
Introduction [1] In recent years, the poultry industry has been able to provide an opportunity to meet the challenge of food security due to the provision of high quality protein to consumers as well as the possibility of rapid capital return for producers. Research shows that there are opportunities for improving the poultry industry in the business sector, but a future-oriented plan is needed to achieve commercial success. The country's poultry industry, having one of the largest volumes of...
Topics: Forecasting, Key proponents, Poultry industry
Introduction: The digestion and absorption of dietary fats involve processing of insoluble triglycerides in water, which is done by bile activity to emulsify the fats and then to hydrolyze them by lipase. Lipid digestion is not optimal, especially in young birds and it is improved with increasing age; this is due to the low capacity of the digestive system in the secretion of lipase and bile acids, so that the lipase function in one-day-old chickens is one percent of its activity in 21 days of...
Topics: Added value, fat levels, Fat sources, Performance, Tallow and Soybean oil
Introduction [1] Barley is one of the cereal grains that used to supply energy in broiler diets, but high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as β-glucans, has limited the application of it in poultry diets. It has been shown that NSP can increase intestinal viscosity, reduce litter quality, compromising the access of digestive enzymes to dietary components by protecting lipids, starch, and protein, and cause poor productive performance. Recent studies have shown the inclusion of...
Topics: Intestinal morphology, Particle size, Sugarcane bagasse, Sunflower hulls, Wheat bran
Introduction [1] Like to broiler chickens most of the ostrich breeding cost is related to the price of nutrition. Given the higher ability of ostriches to using the dietary fiber, it is expected that the using of cheaper feeds may be provide diet with lower prices. Agricultural by-products such as sugar beet pulp and various types of brans are rich sources of fibers, each with different percentages of soluble and insoluble fibers. Ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) has a long rectum (about 8 meters)...
Topics: Fermentation, Large intestine, Ostrich, Protein, Volatile fatty acid
Introduction [1] I n vitro gas production technique is one of the methods used for evaluating ruminal fermentation kinetic of feedstuffs. In this method, the volume of gas produced during the incubation is presented as a curve. The mathematical description of gas production profile is performed by fitting data set to a nonlinear model. Recently, several non-linear models have been developed to estimate gas production profile however, some of these models are not accurate enough. Therefore, the...
Topics: Goodness of fit, In vitro method, Nonlinear models, Ruminal fermentation kinetic
Introduction [1] Ingestion of solid feed is necessary to stimulate rumen development in the young calf and facilitate the transition from a pre-ruminant to a functioning ruminant. Lipogenic nutrients in ruminants originate from fermentation of fiber to acetate and butyrate, dietary fat or are derived from body reserves. Glucogenic nutrients originate from starch that has escaped rumen degradation or gluconeogenesis. The use of low-starch starters is prevalent in dairy calf industry worldwide....
Topics: Energy sources, Growth performance, Starch concentration, Starter feed
Introduction [1] The world average yield of essential oil is around 50000 ton/year which means that large amounts of apparently useless plant residues are produced. These residues do not have a specific commercial use, so it would be a very interesting alternative to provide feed for livestock. Agro-industrial co-products, can be effectively consumed by ruminant species. Since, many parts of Iran have arid and semi-arid climate, and there is feed shortage during the year, hence agro-industrial...
Topics: Chicory pulp, Fermentation kinetics, Mint pulp
Introduction Sesame with the scientific name ‘ Sesamum Indicum ’ belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. Sesame seeds have high oil content (42-56%) and crude protein (20-25%), as well as a source of minerals, especially calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. The main fatty acids in sesame include: linoleic acid (40.4 to 47.9%), oleic acid (35.9 to 42.3%), palmitic acid (7.9% to 12%) and stearic acid (6.1 to 4.8 %). Historically, the purpose of agricultural research has been focused on...
Topics: Digestibility, Fatty acids, Sesame meal
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